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Rural China during the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) saw many of the same problems that developing nations still see today. Unfortunately, poor hygiene standards meant that many children did not live to see the end of their first 100 days. This tragedy was attributed evil spirits and envious gods who harmed children out of spite, and was combatted by wearing clothing covered in auspicious symbols, homophonic visual puns, and animal faces. As children grew older and the danger of passing away diminished, the focus shifted towards ensuring success in examinations along the road to becoming a proper Manchu officer. Among the symbolically imbued gear children wore to defend against evil spirits and bring future success, the hat was crowned supreme. Four Qing Dynasty hats from the Bowers Museum’s Collections illustrate how different hats would be used throughout a child’s life to serve these goals.
Miao culture; probably Guizhou Province, China 2016.13.20 |
A Note on Medium
Cats Hats And More Bats Appropriate
Qing hats tended to primarily be made of silk cut from old robes. As the second largest trade good in China after 1800, cotton was also prevalent among these hats and other fabrics could be purchased at market. Every household also kept a scrap bin with fragments which could be used for these hats. As for the adornments foil appliqué, sequins, ribbons, and wire were used to create some of the most complicated hats. Worked metals, particularly silver were used by the wealthiest families for their children’s hats.
If the Shou Fits
A child’s first hat was made by their mother, grandmothers, or aunts when they were a month old. Called the ‘rice bowl’ due to its overturned bowl shape, these tended to be simple in design, featuring symbols indicative of good fortune. On this Bowers Museum hat we see a stylization of the shou symbol, which means longevity. Due to the homophonic nature of the Mandarin language, creative puns were heavily used in Chinese art and culture. For example, bats were often used to decorate clothing because the Mandarin word for bat, fu, was the phonetic pronunciation of happiness. By covering oneself in happiness they could ensure a cheerful future. Bright, warm colors like red, orange, and pink were used when available because of the good tidings they brought. Of course, in addition to their symbolic function, these hats also filled the very tangible niche of protecting children from the elements, likely one of the reasons why the wearing of hats were so pervasively adopted.
Playing the Fu
Not exactly the ferocious face described in texts, animal hats like 2001.1.50 were originally intended to scare evil spirits away. |
Perhaps the most unique in appearance, the second style of hats children wore were in the shapes of animal faces. These functioned as masks to fool evil entities into thinking the child was an animal. Dogs, lions, tigers, and dragons were among the cutely rendered but terrifying disguises donned by children to scare off the dastardliest spirits. The Bowers Museum’s dragon hat has a prominent flower as well as several additional flowers baubles designed to bounce as the child moved. These tend to indicate a later Qing or post-Qing dynasty make. A hat as decorated as this would likely have been reserved for days of celebrations like birthdays, New Year’s celebrations, and the Dragon Boat Festival.
Sometimes rather than depicting a fierce animal, instead animals were chosen because they imparted special abilities on the wearer. The above hat made from red satin and royal blue embroidered trim does not include a face, but does have attached cat ears. Because of their ability to see into the dark, wearing a hat with cat ears allowed children to see and escape the evil spirits lurking around them at night.
For the Final
As children grew older the hats they wore transitioned away from trying to ward off danger, and instead focused on bringing good luck on examinations which could determine a child’s future. The animal shapes and bright colors of their childhood gave way to darker hues and more complicated symbolism versus the blatant animals of younger children’s hats. The ‘melon’ hats worn by adults were first donned during this stage of a child’s life, and the comfortable protections of youth disappeared.
Text and images may be under copyright. Please contact Collection Department for permission to use. Information subject to change upon further research.
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